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Speculative theory
Flat EarthAtlas
Science & Technology · Space & cosmology
Competing accounts of Earth's shape in modern flat-Earth movements versus the scientific consensus of an approximately spherical Earth.
Open the caseEvidence
18 cited sources · both-sides readings on each item
Earth Facts
NASA · primary
- Pos A · NASA's planetary parameters are read as direct institutional summary of an oblate-spheroid Earth used across missions.“Earth”
- Pos B · Flat-Earth readings treat the same page as curated agency messaging rather than as independent outdoor proof.“Earth”
National Geodetic Survey
NOAA National Geodetic Survey · primary
- Pos A · NGS reference-frame work is read as operational proof that surveying depends on a spheroid Earth model.“geodetic”
- Pos B · Movement readings treat geodetic agencies as part of the institutional stack whose models are under dispute.“geodetic”
How do we know the Earth is round?
U.S. Geological Survey · primary
- Pos A · USGS FAQ points are read as accessible summaries of multi-method globe evidence used in Earth science.“Earth is round”
- Pos B · Flat-Earth readings treat FAQ summaries as secondary persuasion that still leaves DIY horizon tests salient.“Earth is round”
Observing the Earth
European Space Agency · primary
- Pos A · ESA Earth-observation programs are read as independent multinational spheroid-consistent remote sensing.“Observing the Earth”
- Pos B · Movement readings treat ESA outputs as another institutional imagery channel rather than as decisive community-auditable proof.“Observing the Earth”
Unearthing Flat Earth - Kalamazoo Valley Community College
kvcc.edu · primary
- Pos A · The essay is read as outlining physics arguments that a disc would form a sphere under gravity, treating celestial bodies and documented flat-Earth tests as consistent with globe geodesy and spaceflight records.“every celestial body is a sphere”
- Pos B · The essay is read as outlining campus arguments that frame disc models against standard gravity claims, treating flat-Earth society accounts as open alternatives beside institutional sphere instruction in the wider debate.“the Earth is a huge fl.at disc”
What Would Happen if the Earth Were Actually Flat?
news.climate.columbia.edu · primary
- Pos A · The Columbia Climate School article is read as tying everyday gravity and solar motion to an oblate spheroid, with disk-center pull and diagonal growth scenarios treated as mismatches to the globe measurements used in surveying and orbital reconstruction.“gravity would pull toward the center of the disk”
- Pos B · The Columbia Climate School article is read as applying globe-framed physics premises to a planar alternative, with horizon and perspective flat-Earth accounts treated as kept open beside institutional gravity and sun-path explanations in the public debate.“If Earth were flat, you'd know it”
Inside a Flat Earth convention, where nearly everyone believes Earth isn't round
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · Coverage of the convention is read as showing a gathered community whose non-globe stance is treated as set against geodesy, satellite navigation, and spaceflight records cited for an oblate spheroid.“nearly everyone believes Earth isn't round”
- Pos B · Coverage of the convention is read as showing a gathered community whose planar model is treated as drawn from horizon and perspective observations cited against curated institutional satellite and spaceflight outputs.“nearly everyone believes Earth isn't round”
Flat Earth - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org · secondary
- Pos A · Wikipedia's overview is cited as presenting flat-Earth cosmography as an archaic model, with modern geodesy and spaceflight records treated as establishing an approximately spherical Earth against which horizon observations are read as local perspective effects.“archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape”
- Pos B · Wikipedia's overview is cited as presenting planar models through an institutional lens, with satellite and spaceflight outputs treated as curated records while horizon and perspective observations are read as keeping a non-globe model open in public debate.“Many ancient societies subscribed to a flat-Earth cosmography”
The Flat Earth conspiracy debunked, again
astronomy.com · secondary
- Pos A · The astronomy.com article is read as summarizing long-settled geodesy and spaceflight imagery, with visible curvature from orbit and differing southern-hemisphere skies treated as measurements that fit an oblate spheroid and undercut planar distance and sky predictions.“The curvature of the Earth is visible”
- Pos B · The astronomy.com article is read as institutional closure rhetoric that treats the shape debate as finished, with orbital photos and sky-difference claims treated as curated outputs while planar horizon and perspective readings are kept open in public dispute.“debate about the shape of Earth”
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · This title is read as discussing a wager invoked in Earth-shape debates, treated as showing why single demonstrations are placed beside geodesy, satellite navigation, and orbital records that support an oblate spheroid model.“The Bet That "Proved" the Earth Is Flat”
- Pos B · This title is read as discussing a wager invoked in Earth-shape debates, treated as showing why institutional fact presentations are placed beside horizon and perspective observations that support a non-globe planar model kept in public debate.“The Bet That "Proved" the Earth Is Flat”
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · This video on the Bedford Level Experiment is read as recounting a 19th-century canal observation dispute in which round-Earth measurements and sailing records are treated as already established, with the episode cited as an early challenge situated within modern geodesy and globe models.“it was well established that the Earth was round”
- Pos B · This video on the Bedford Level Experiment is read as recounting a 19th-century canal observation dispute in which flat-Earth readings of the water surface are treated as empirically open, with the episode cited as a public challenge maintained within planar-Earth debate against globe claims.“a canal, a flat-Earther, and a bizarre dispute”
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · The Bedford Level experiment is cited as a historical water-surface observation that globe-model accounts treat as consistent with curvature once refraction and instrument height are included in surveying reconstructions.“Bedford Level experiment”
- Pos B · The Bedford Level experiment is cited as a historical water-surface observation that flat-Earth accounts treat as consistent with planarity when long-canal sightlines are read as level without curvature adjustment.“Bedford Level experiment”
The Lost History Of The Flat Earth by Ewaranon : Ewaranon : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
archive.org · secondary
- Pos A · The archive series on lost flat-Earth history is treated as alternative documentary material that leaves geodesy, satellite navigation, and spaceflight records read as showing Earth as an oblate spheroid with local horizon effects.“The Lost History Of The Flat Earth”
- Pos B · The archive series on lost flat-Earth history is treated as supporting documentary material that presents horizon and historical observations read as showing a non-globe model, with institutional space outputs kept open to planar readings.“The Lost History Of The Flat Earth”
archive.org · secondary
- Pos A · Archive hosting of the Ewaranon series is read as documenting flat-Earth advocacy content, with its horizon-focused claims treated as local-perspective arguments that geodesy and orbital records still frame within an oblate-spheroid model used in surveying.“The Lost History Of The Flat Earth”
- Pos B · Archive hosting of the Ewaranon series is read as preserving materials on a non-globe model, with its horizon and history claims treated as evidence kept open against satellite imagery framed as curated institutional output in planar-Earth debate.“the truth about our flat”
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · This seminar title is read as framing flat-Earth views as a community studied for beliefs and identity, while modern geodesy and spaceflight are treated as the measurement baseline against which such movements are academically explored.“Exploring the Flat Earth: Beliefs, Identity”
- Pos B · This seminar title is read as framing flat-Earth views through beliefs, identity, and rationality research, with non-globe horizon observations treated as accounts whose public debate status is kept open in mixed-methods community study.“Exploring the Flat Earth: Beliefs, Identity”
archive.org · secondary
- Pos A · The archived newsletters are cited as documenting a minority advocacy tradition, treated as not displacing geodesy, satellite navigation, and spaceflight records read as supporting an oblate spheroid Earth.“Flat Earth Society Newsletters 1976-1994 zetetics flat earth”
- Pos B · The archived newsletters are cited as documenting zetetic flat-Earth society materials, treated as keeping a non-globe model open through horizon and perspective readings against institutional globe claims.“Flat Earth Society Newsletters 1976-1994 zetetics flat earth”
Advanced Search | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)
cia.gov · primary
- Pos A · CIA FOIA holdings and period reporting on Soviet space-vehicle testing are read as institutional records aligned with orbital spaceflight practice, treated as supporting globe-based geodesy and navigation frameworks used in surveying.“Soviet testing of space vehicles and intercontinental”
- Pos B · CIA FOIA search results and released agency materials are read as curated institutional outputs, treated within flat-Earth movement accounts as compatible with a non-globe model kept open beside horizon and perspective observations.“Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)”
youtube.com · tertiary
- Pos A · YouTube materials titled as a flat-Earth search are read as exploratory content whose reception is treated as consistent with globe models from geodesy and spaceflight, with horizon themes cited as local perspective effects.“In Search Of A Flat Earth”
- Pos B · YouTube materials titled as a flat-Earth search are read as exploratory content whose reception is treated as keeping non-globe models in view, with horizon themes cited as support within planar-Earth movement readings.“In Search Of A Flat Earth”